Ethics

Introduction Work place ethics are those principles or standards of behavior that ensure there is proper conduct within the work place. This involves making moral decisions when faced with complex situations. Work place ethics are important for peaceful co-existence within the organization (Servais 2011).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Ethics-Related Global Workplace Issue specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More They are aimed at making sure that employees of the organization are comfortable. Workplace ethics are important for those firms seeking to maximize profits. Forced labor, child labor and suitable working hours are some the issues facing organizations globally. Forced labor Forced labor can be best described as a situation where people are forced to work against their will. Forced labor is a form of slavery. This is due to the fact that it may involve some form of punishment. Millions of people all over the wor ld are subjected to forced labor (Bredeson 2012).  Some organizations consider forced labor to be labor intensive. Forced labor is mainly practiced in industries that are not well regulated. Agricultural industries and manufacturing industries are some of the industries that practice forced labor. Research conducted by the International Labor Organization shows that about 21 million people are subjected to forced labor worldwide. Women and young girls are the more affected as compared to men and young men (Servais 2011). This is because; they are more vulnerable and cannot be employed in those companies that require manual laborers. Private firms have been found to practice forced labor. However, some governments mainly through the military have been found to exploit their citizens. China and Burma are some examples of countries whose governments encourage forced labor. According to the International Labor Organization most cases of forced labor reported affect those people who ar e marginalized. Other people have been forced to work for some companies or individuals they owe money. Forced labor is more prevalent in Asia and Africa. Very few cases of forced labor have been reported in the Middle East (Servais 2011).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Child labor When children choose to work instead of going to school this is referred to as child labor. Assisting parents in doing household chores cannot be classified as child labor. Working during holidays to raise pocket money may also not be regarded as child labor. These activities equip children with some essential skills that they might help them in future. High poverty levels have been attributed to be the main cause of child labor worldwide. Research conducted by the International Labor Organization estimates that about 200 million children between the ages of 5 to 17 years are illegally employed ( Bredeson 2012). Children are employed in the agricultural and domestic industries. However, some are engaged in illegal activities such as drug trafficking and prostitution. Child labor has numerous effects on children as well as the society. Children are unable to go to school. Child labor violates the international minimum wage laws. It also affects the well being of the children as some of the sectors the children work expose them to health hazards, therefore, endangering their lives. Child labor also exposes the children to activities that are illegal. Recent research by the International Labor Organizations shows that child labor is rampant in Asia, Latin America and Africa. The government requires all children below the age of 18 not to be employed but rather be in school studying. Working hours This is the time an employee spends in his or her work place. There are laws that have been put in place that regulate the maximum number of hours that a person can work. Governments h ave also enacted laws that seek to address this issue. Research has shown that if an employee works for many hours without a break, he or she is likely to suffer from stress. Workers should be given adequate rest time (bredeson 2012). The International Labor Organization has established the maximum number of hours an individual can work per day, week, month and year. The International Labor Organization requires all organizations to give their employees a short break after working for some few months. This includes the annual holidays. The above conditions are aimed at ensuring the organizations get the best out of their workers. Another reason is to make sure that the physical health of employees is not put at risk. Employees too have families that they would like to spend time with. Employers should give their workers paid leave at least once a year. An organization should consult with the labor unions before making any amendments to these laws. They should also give details behin d such a move.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Ethics-Related Global Workplace Issue specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Conclusion It is important for an organization to follow work ethics to the latter. This will reduce conflict with the employees, government and the society. The International Labor Organization is clear on its stand on the ethical issues discussed above. Child labor has been prohibited in most countries. The International Labor Organization is against child labor. Forced labor is a form of slavery and should not be practiced anywhere in the world. Workers should be given enough time to rest and spend time with their families. The government should enact tough laws to deal with those organizations that do not follow these rules. References Bredeson, D. (2012).  Ethics in the workplace  . Mason, OH: South-Western/Cengage Learning. Servais, J. (2011).  International Labour Organization (ILO). Alphen aan den Rijn: Kluwer Law International This essay on Ethics-Related Global Workplace Issue was written and submitted by user Anya Kirby to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

An Inside Look at Off-shoring IT Jobs

An Inside Look at Off-shoring IT Jobs An Inside Look at Off-Shoring IT Jobs"In offshore jobs people are hired for an external organization to perform some business functions in a country other than the one where the product or service is traded or consumed", according to Bibby International services (Offshore). Forrester Research, a technology-consulting firm, indicates that by the year 2015, roughly 3.3 million United States (U.S.) based jobs in Information Technology (IT) will move offshore (Wright). Estimations by the Information Technology Association of America (ITAA) show potential savings from outsourced jobs to reach 21 billion dollars by 2008 (Wright). However, it is also estimated between 2001 and 2005, U.S. workers lost 80,000 IT jobs to off-shoring (Wright).Outsourcing jobs in IT to other countries is a rapidly growing industry as companies continue to look for employment outlets that are cheaper, faster, and sometimes more skilled. Benefits of off-shoring IT jobs cannot be denied, but there are risks associa ted as well.English: An Indian call centerThere have been varied stories of success and failure in recent years as off-shoring becomes more popular. Deciding upon a service provider for one's outsourcing and the type of service needed are essential. Therefore, it is pertinent that a company has an understanding of the types of services offered and how to manage them. It is also important for businesses to research the qualifiers of the offshore provider they choose before making a decision in order to prevent issues or problems.Off-shoring jobs in IT is not an overnight phenomenon; it is years in the making. Off-shoring IT jobs became a growing trend in the late 1990's and continues to be a topic of debate. Many proponents argue the financial benefits, while objectors claim that too many U.S. Americans are losing their jobs. Yet, most major U.S. companies are developing business plans that include outsourcing jobs.

Ethics Theories Table Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ethics Theories Table - Essay Example An employee entrusted with funds by his or her corporation is dutybound to account for these funds and remit the balance, if any. Even though this honesty may deprive him of certain material comforts, i.e., the extra money if unremitted could have bought him or her a new car, duty-based ethics prescribes that he or she should return the money. The classic goal-based theory is utilitarianism. Jeremy Bentham presented one of the earliest fully developed systems of utilitarianism. Two features of his theory are noteworty. First, Bentham proposed that we tally the consequences of each action we perform and thereby determine on a case by case basis whether an action is morally right or wrong. This aspect of Bentham's theory is known as act-utilitiarianism. Second, Bentham also proposed that we tally the pleasure and pain which results from our actions. For Bentham, pleasure and pain are the only consequences that matter in determining whether our conduct is moral. This aspect of Bentham's theory is known as hedonistic utilitarianism. An employee should strive to get a promotion at all costs as this will benefit him, even at the expense of co-employees and even if there would be a violation of a moral duty in the process. For example, the moral duty to give credit where credit is due after a successful project. The most influe

Personal Consulting Capacity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Personal Consulting Capacity - Essay Example The researcher states that planning for future is very important as it defines our mindset. By setting goals we plan for our future. Goals can be defined as: basically tools that give scope to an activity and direct achievement-related behaviors. Goals can be prioritized to short-term and long-term goals. Short-term goals heighten the chances of success as they may be challenging but are quite close to the current capacity level of a person. However, it is the long-term goals that are required to achieve permanent success in future endeavors. The researcher splits his future objectives into two categories i.e. Short-term and Long-term goals. Short-term goals include the skills he would acquire by the end of this year while long-term goals are elaborate planning of the next five years of his professional life. Short term goals: to accomplish the researcher’s degree with good grade points and to enhance skill based expertise relevant to his field before gaining entry into a repu ted public sector organization. His key focus would be on the consulting capabilities so as to give a wider scope to his objectives. Long term goals: in a span of five years the researcher plans to elevate himself to the managerial level. He also wants to gain comprehensive growth by lending his consultancy skills to the company in order to solve the core problems. In future the author of this paper would also like to pursue his career as a Human Resource Consultant.... Short-term goals include the skills I would acquire by the end of this year while long-term goals are elaborate planning of the next five years of my professional life. SHORT TERM GOALS To accomplish my degree with good grade points and to enhance skill based expertise relevant to my field before gaining entry into a reputed public sector organization. My key focus would be on my consulting capabilities so as to give a wider scope to my objectives. LONG TERM GOALS In a span of five years I plan to elevate myself to the managerial level. I also want to gain comprehensive growth by lending my consultancy skills to the company in order to solve the core problems. In future I would also like to pursue my career as a Human Resource Consultant. ACHIEVING GOALS A step wise planning is required to achieve my goals. I need to determine the factors and the barriers which are going to influence my action plan. As I plan to enter a public sector organization therefore, my core focus would be on gaining skills that are relevant to the field. SECTOR IN FOCUS: PUBLIC SECTOR ORGANIZATIONS After the accomplishment of my professional degree I am keen to join a public sector organization as it offers a wide range of careers as well as provided the opportunity to make decisions with the potential to have immediate impact on the wellbeing of citizens. Moreover, public sector organizations are considered to be stable and secure as compared to private sector. Another positive aspect is regular coaching and mentoring and comprehensive trainings being offered time to time. Public sector organizations have clear policies and procedures that must be adhered to by all levels. FUNCTIONAL AREA IN FOCUS: HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEment Human resource management being the area of my

Organizational Analysis Motivation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Organizational Analysis Motivation - Essay Example The jobs at FMC Green River are task oriented and are, to a large extent, defined by the union. Unlike FMC Aberdeen, the employees at Green River do not have well defined goals. Further, production at Green River is not directly linked to their pay or other organizational rewards. There is little chance of advancement and the union structure discourages any opportunity for promotion. The jobs at FMC Green River are very well defined by the union contract and workers are faced with fulfilling the needs, but have no control over the means of production. FMC Aberdeen is in a constant state of flux as employees are trained in a variety of tasks and are free to move from one job to another. The workers at FMC Green River have very little vertical job loading and their job description limits their horizontal loading. The FMC Aberdeen plant allows its workers to work outside their team and also function as team leaders. This type of organization offers many opportunities for career growth. The FMC Green River plant is structured by definition of tasks and employees have almost no chance of going beyond their current job or position. While the union may offer occasional retraining, it does not enhance the esteem of the employee. Performance reviews at Green River are not adequate to provide any performance or satisfaction impact on the employees. FMC Green River will encounter problems by trying to institute a rewards system based on performance. The workforce may see this as creating inequity and correcting this could have a negative effect on production. The workforce is currently the highest paid unit at FMC and they may respond better to other needs. According to the ERG theory of needs, relatedness and growth may be more likely to motivate the workforce. The jobs at FMC Green River have been structured according to scientific management. They are routine and specialized. This has been done to optimize production and meet the requirements of the union contract. There is little opportunity under Green River's current system for job enlargement or job enrichment. Performance appraisals currently offer little more than a determination to see if the contract is being fulfilled. The culture is not conducive to self-appraisal or peer appraisal. Aside from the union contract, there is a psychological contract with the organization that provides some level of motivation for the employees. Recommendations FMC Green River would benefit from offering a plant wide profit sharing program. This would offer the employees a motivation based on rewards without the perceived inequity of individual pay increases. They should also focus on the employee needs in the areas of relatedness and growth. FMC Green River should foster a more social atmosphere and provide a method of recognition for individual achievement. FMC Green River could broaden the job descriptions to give the employees greater participation in the overall process. Job enlargement could offer an avenue for growth within the existing organizational framework. This would be an intrinsic motivational factor that could lead to a lower turnover rate as experienced at Aberdeen. A job diagnostic survey would be a critical first step in this direction. Green River should begin to develop a performance appraisal system. This should be used as a motivational and self-improvement tool rather than a pay based system. With proper training, peer reviews and self-evaluation would

Why Did Communism in Europe Fail?

Why Did Communism in Europe Fail? The year 1989 saw a surprising and swift transformation of Central and Eastern Europe. Where only a few years before the ouster of communism would have been unimaginable, now country after country removed its communist government and embraced some form of democracy. Never in human history has there been such a sweeping governmental change apart from the result of some military engagement (Schopflin 1990, 5). Examining the reasons behind the fall of communism presents†¦ First, the theoretical model of communism itself is flawed. It makes incorrect assumptions about human nature and supports an unsustainable economic matrix. Economic and political pressures in Central and Eastern European economies during the 1980s exposed these inadequacies. Thereafter, an overextension of Soviet resources due to military spending combined with global pressures in regards to human rights initiatives led to one country after another freeing itself from Soviet control. Communism is a political and social system based on a concept of equal distribution of resources. Ideally, goods and services are owned communally amongst all citizens of a communist state, and distributed equally so as to meet each person’s need (Stokes 1993, 5). The problem comes in the actual application of communism, as it works counter to human nature. First, the system assumes that each worker will work to his or her capacity for the good of all. In reality, workers soon realized they would be paid the same no matter how hard they worked, and without the incentive of personal gain, began producing at the lowest possible level. Famous Russian economist Boris Brutzkus noted that the idea of equal compensation for skilled and unskilled labour undermined productivity and created an economically unsolvable problem (Wilhelm 1993, 346). In addition, any risk related to innovation is transferred wholly to the state, so the worker â€Å"loses little in the event of failure and g ains nothing in the event of success,† making it impossible to motivate him or her to full productive potential (Wilhelm 1993, 349). â€Å"If profits must be handed over to the public treasury, and losses are made up with subsidies, there is no incentive to be innovative and efficient† (Fischer 1991, 12). The communist model similarly assumes that political leaders will act in the best interests of all the citizens of the state, rather than simply in their own. Fischer notes that power is an extremely corrupting force, and rarely if ever do those with significant power avoid its corrupting influence (Fischer 1991, 12). This was made particularly clear in countries such as Romania, where the communism state became in essence a totalitarian dictatorship under Ceausescu (Hall 2000, 1070). Central and Eastern European countries were by and large governed by a handful of leaders who had enormous control over their fellow citizens, and were often both personally and politically corrupt in their administrations (Fischer 1991, 12). Because of these misunderstandings of human nature, communism is not designed with the checks and balances common to a democratic government (Fischer 1991, 12). For example, democracies have both secret elections and a free press. Regular elections provide a voice to the citizens of a country in determining its leadership. This forces leaders to listen and be responsive to the citizenry, less they be removed from power. A free press both informs citizens of what is happening in the country and government and exposes corruption. (Wilhelm 1993, 352). Uncensored media similarly forces leaders to act ethically and not mistreat the citizenry. Communist regimes in Europe lacked such systems of accountability, and as such, their leaders did not always act in the best interests of the average citizen. Economically, there are also serious flaws in the communist model. Production results from the cooperation of labour, capital, and nature (Wilhelm 1993, 347). Communism based its economic model on â€Å"directed economic activity according to a unitary state plan based upon statistics, under which categories such as interest, rent and profit lost their significance† (Wilhelm 1993, 346). Markets and the forces that shape them were replaced by a planned system based on labour costs (Wilhelm 1993, 346). This led to further problems, as it oversimplified the economic factors at play in the counties’ industries, which led to incorrect production planning. According to Brutzkus, â€Å"the socialist state is not in a position, even with the help of all its scientific theory and immense statistical apparatus, to measure the needs of its citizens or to reduce needs to one level; for this reason it is unable to provide production with the guidance it needs† (Wilhelm 1993, 347). In short, Brutzkus anticipated what the literature on communist economies calls the success indicator problem. The government was not able to successfully plan for the complexity of the market. â€Å"This process is infinitely more complicated than that which takes place under capitalism, where at worst the entrepreneur will have to increase his price to cover this or that means of production† (Wilhelm 1993, 348). The results were Central and Eastern European nations with overly-specialized industry that had no market except the Soviet bloc, fewer than needed consumer products, and an uneven proportion of manufactured products to the demand of the populace (Karatnycky 2002, 57). In contrast, while price liberalization in post-communist Poland â€Å"brought an immediate end to the pervasive shortages and queues that had plagued Poland’s centrally-planned economy† (Kramer 2004, 60). A centrally-planned â€Å"command economy† is â€Å"an engine for the dissipation of social energy and resources,† that is only effective in mobilizing resources for a short period of time (Wilhelm 1993, 353). After this the communist economic model leads to rapid deterioration and becomes increasingly ineffective as time goes on (Wilhelm 1993, 353). The communist bloc was able to live off the resources it possessed prior to communization, such as surplus rural labour and certain capital resources, through the 1950s (Schopflin 1990, 4). This reinforced the idea to some that the communist economic plan was workable. However, as these resources dwindled and economic indicators declined, the standard of living in communist Europe became noticeably lower than her capitalist counterpart. Wilhelm contends that when statistics are adjusted for their propagandistic distortions, â€Å"East Germany was poorer than Mexico†¦ West Germans received a rather nasty shock when the y were able to enter East Germany and see the actual state of the East German economy for themselves (Wilhelm 1993, 352). This led to growing unrest amongst the citizens of Central and Eastern Europe, who saw themselves falling farther and farther behind the West. At this time the Soviet Union, the main customer for Central and Eastern European countries’ exports, was also facing economic difficulties. Some of this was due to the slowing of its own communist economic system and the global pressures also faced by the European communist countries (Stokes 1993, 56). In addition, a heightened arms race with the United States and its long and disastrous engagement in Afghanistan caused the USSR to commit more to its military spending than it could afford (Stokes 1993, 58). This both left less to spend in its satellite countries and fewer military troops to commit to suppressing uprisings in Europe. As the postwar status-quo depended in part on the threat of Soviet military intervention, this added to the growing instability in Central and Eastern Europe (Kramer 2005, 11). The communist European nations were historically not independently supportive of communism, but had communism imposed upon them unwillingly after World War II (Kramer 2005, 10). From the beginning, Eastern European countries were subjected to and directed in communism â€Å"firmly against the wishes of the majority† (Schopflin 1990, 4). One Baltic leader described the events of 1989 by saying â€Å"we could finally end the illegal occupation of our country and rejoin the community of free nations† (Kramer 2004, 21). Because the populations of these countries were not ideologically supportive of communism, their governmental leaders had to utilize both force and the threat of force to keep the countries functioning (Kramer 2004, 21). By the 1980s, the Soviet Union did not have the resources to do so, nor did many of the European countries in the Soviet bloc (Stokes 1993, 58). In addition, then leader of the USSR Gorbachev was less quick to turn to a military solution. â €Å"Unlike in 1956, when Khrushchev ultimately relied on military force to preserve the Communist bloc, Gorbachev†¦ actively encouraged drastic political changes in Eastern Europe that would defuse the potential for another violent uprising like the one that engulfed Hungary in October-November 1956 (Kramer 2005, 69). The resulting combination of Gorbachev’s reforms, his reluctance towards military force, and his â€Å"reorientation of Soviet foreign policy had a profound impact on the politics of Eastern Europe† (Kramer 2005, 69). Finally, there was a growing emphasis on human rights. This also caused the communist regimes to pause and consider use of military force against civilian uprisings. â€Å"The insistence on the introduction of human rights into the Helsinki process resulted in the slow but inexorable diffusion of the principle into Soviet-type politics and contributed qualitatively to weakening the legitimating force of Marxism-Leninism (Schopflin 1990, 16). This provided intellectuals in the Central and Eastern European opposition movements with â€Å"an intellectual basis from which to attack and thus erode the official systems† (Schopflin 1990, 16). It also gave workers reasons to organize collectively. When faced with a government that seems fundamentally unchangeable, people will only organize to resist if given some idea or goal of value which they can support (Benda et al. 1988, 228-29). All the major democratic oppositions in Central Europe had as leaders activists that had at one tim e or another been human rights dissidents (Isaac 1996, 303). The system was untenable, the citizens were unhappy, and those interested in political reform had a reason to begin organizing. At this point, the next ingredient necessary for communism’s demise was technology. Where in the past a particular government could cover-up or minimize an uprising in one place, preserving the threat of force and fear in its citizens, increased use of technology exposed these attempts and the sometimes blatant lies told by government officials(Kramer 2005, 82) For example, because of technological advances in broadcasting, â€Å"West German television broadcasts reached the large majority of households in the GDR, almost all East German citizens were able to watch uncensored coverage of Gorbachev’s perestroika and glasnost (Kramer 2005, 82). As Stokes concludes, the response of Central and Eastern European countries in 1989 was not a revolution of total innovation, but rather the shucking off of a failed experiment in favor of an already exis ting model, pluralist democracy (Stokes 1993, 260). The collapse of communism in Hungary began in 1986, when the country’s intellectuals began to abandon Kadar, who refused to recognize or act upon the country’s economic crisis situation (Schopflin 1990, 7). Similar processes occurred in Poland, Bulgaria and Czechoslovakia (Schopflin 1990, 7). Because they were increasingly exposed to the existence of a better system, they were empowered to push for it in their own countries. In the end, communism failed from a combination of factors, not the least of which was its own internal flaws. It may be that the twentieth century’s experiment in communist Europe was misguided from the start. â€Å"According to Marx’s materialistic conception of history, societies pass through four formative stages on their way to becoming communist: asiatic, ancient, feudal, and bourgeois capitalist† (Koranda 1990, 19). However, this was not true for any of the Eastern European countries with communist governments in the twentieth century. Russia forced communism on these countries, rather than it evolving in some natural pattern. â€Å"Disregarding Russia, many of the European countries that went through Communism had belonged, in the past, in whole or in part to the Austrian-Hungarian Empire† and had governments closer to a feudal system than any other. (Kovac 2002, 178). Marx might well argue, therefore, that these countries were not ready for commun ism when it was imposed upon them. Koranda would contend, however, that in reality Marx got the order wrong. Communism is, in his argument, the guild stage which many Western European countries passed through on the way to capitalism. Since many Eastern European countries were closer to feudal than free-market prior to World War II, from Koranda’s theoretical standpoint, formerly Communist Europe is now progressing â€Å"naturally† from communism to capitalism (Koranda 1990, 20). This would explain communism’s initial success, and the need for it to be eventually supplanted by capitalism. BIBLIOGRAPHY Benda, V, et al. 1988. Parallel Polis, or an Independent Society in Central and Eastern Europe: An Inquiry. Social Research, Spring-Summer1988, 55:1-2. Fischer, D. 1991. Why did Communism fail? Social Alternatives, Dec1991, 10:4, 12. Hall, R.A. 2000. Theories of collective action and revolution: evidence from the Romanian transition of December 1989. Europe-Asia Studies, Sep2000, 52:6, 1069-93. Isaac, J.C. 1996. The meanings of 1989. Social Research, Summer1996, 63, 291-344. Karatnycky, A. 2000. Memory Lapse. American Spectator, Feb2000, 33:1, 57-58. Koranda, Tim. 1990. The God That Failed History. Vital Speeches of the Day, 10/15/90, 57:1, 19-21. Kovà ¡Ãƒâ€žÃ‚ , L. 2002. The Failure of Communism: A Case for Evolutionary Rationalism and Evolutionary Humanism. Dialogue Universalism, 12:8/10, 177-197. Kramer, M. 2003. The Collapse of East European Communism and the Repercussions within the Soviet Union (Part 1). Journal of Cold War Studies, Fall2003, 5:4, 178-256. Kramer, M. 2004. The Collapse of East European Communism and the Repercussions within the Soviet Union (Part 2). Journal of Cold War Studies, Fall2004, 6:4, 3-64. Kramer, M. 2005. The Collapse of East European Communism and the Repercussions within the Soviet Union (Part 3). Journal of Cold War Studies, Winter2005, 7:1, 3-96. Schopflin, G. 1990. The end of communism in Eastern Europe. International Affairs, Jan1990, 66:1, 3-16. Stokes, G. 1993. The Walls Came Tumbling Down: The Collapse of Communism in Eastern Europe. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Wilhelm, J.H. 1993. The Soviet economic failure: Brutzkus revisited. Europe-Asia Studies, 45:2, 343-57.

Literature and the Industrial Revolution :: essays research papers

In the Industrial Revolution poetry advanced and Romanticism began. Romanticism started in the 18th century and was said to be influenced by the French and Industrial Revolution. People decided to rebel against the political and social rules of their time and started a new trend of art. It conveyed dramatic subjects perceived with strong feelings and imagination. William Blake was a poet commonly connected with Romanticism. He led strong beliefs that were occasionally mentioned in his work. One was that everyone is equal and is mentioned in 'All Religions Are One': "As all men are alike (tho' infinitely various)" He based most of his works in the style of Romanticism - Blake wrote from the heart, he let his thoughts and beliefs take over. Some of Blake?s poems include ?London? and ?The Lamb? William Wordsworth, like Blake, was linked with Romanticism. In fact, he was one of the very founders of Romanticism. He wrote poems are about nature, freedom and emotion. He was open about how he felt about life and what his life was like. Also, Wordsworth wrote poems about the events going on around him ? for instance the French Revolution. Mainly, Wordsworth wrote about nature, however, rarely used simple descriptions in his work. Instead, Wordsworth wrote complexly, for example in his poem ?Daffodils?. Percy Bysshe Shelley, John Keats, George Gordon Byron and Samuel Taylor Coleridge were all poets in the Romantic era. They all had a love of their country and wrote about nature and revolution in some of their poems. Shelley wrote many plays, some of which were Romantic and some about the French Revolution (as Shelley had experienced the French Revolution in his lifetime). This allowed him to state deep,

Patterns of migration Essay

You can copy/paste the questions below to your own word document or you can download this information Here. Please answer the following questions and submit it as an assignment. 1 define migration The permanent relocation of residential place. 2 explain the effects migrations have had on both geography and history It has contributed to the evolution and development of separate cultures, to the diffusion of cultures by interchange and communication, and the complex mix of people and cultures found in different regions of the world today. 3 understand that migration occurs at different scales Migration can occur as intercontinental or interregional. 4 explain why people change their residential location People change their residential location because changes in life cycle, income level (either more or less money available to spend on housing), job location, perceived safety of neighborhood, better school district, convenient location, and many other factors 5 analyze migrations in terms of classifications (forced, voluntary, imposed) and types Migration can either be forced where it is not up to them, voluntary where it is up to them, or imposed where it is up to them but is highly advisable that they do move. There are five types and each type can be put into one of the two classifications, which are conservative or innovative. Innovative migrations include those people who move to find a new way of life and Conservative movers are those who move to find a new surrounding. Primitive Migration is those who move due to environmental factors, forced migration is for those who move because they are forced (usually by the government), Impelled Migration is similar to forced but people still can have some say in if they move, Free Migration is those who move for economic betterment, and Mass Migration which is for those who move in large numbers. 6 explain the decision to migrate in terms of push and  pull factors Those who move for pull factors are moving because the other place has more to offer and those who move for push factors move because where they’re at currently is not doing them well. 7 describe patterns of migration using the concepts of distance decay, intervening opportunity, place utility, step migration, chain migration, channelized migration, and migration fields Both push and pull factors are affected by place utility, which is the persons existing satisfaction or dissatisfaction with a place. Distance decay and intervening opportunity are also related topics and these concepts state that individuals will choose a closer location over a location further away if they are both equal in other aspects. Step migration is a concept that describes those who migrate in steps such as from a farm to a small city and then to a big city. Chain migration is a concept that says that people are more likely to move somewhere where they already have connections. Channelized migration and migration fields have to do with chain migration and migration fields are areas where people move from to a certain city. Channelized migration is when there is a reoccurring them of people moving in similar patterns. 8 describe the geography of dislocation: refugee patterns and processes in the world today The IOM is working with 155 member states to take refugees and relocate them to places where they can be properly worked with to sustain a better life. Africa, Europe, Southwest Asia and Southeast Asia all have a lot of problems and the IOM works extremely hard to get peole out of these places and out to better places. Classify these migrations by TYPE and decide whether the move was innovative or conservative. 9. westward migration of pioneer farmers Conservative- Free migration 10. modern Americans moving to Alaska Conservative- free migration 11. Mormon migration to Utah conservative- mass migration 12. Middle East nomads moving to urban areas in the Persian Gulf innovative- primitive migration 13. African slave trade innovative- forced migration 14. flight of ancient Britons at the arrival of the Saxon invaders conservative- impelled migration 15. Trail of Tears: relocation of the Five Civilized Tribes to Oklahoma innovative- forced migration 16. subsistence slash burn farmers in the Amazon conservative- primitive migration 17. resettling of Germans, post WWII, because of border shifts in Poland conservative- impelled

Biography of Darius the Great, Persian King

Biography of Darius the Great, Persian King Darius the Great (550 BCE–486 BCE) was the fourth  Persian king  of the  Achaemenid Empire. He ruled the empire at its height, when its lands included much of  West Asia, the  Caucasus, as well as parts of the  Balkans, Black Sea  coastal regions, North Caucasus,  and Central Asia. Under Darius rule, the kingdom stretched to the  Indus Valley  in the far east and portions of north and northeast Africa including  Egypt, Libya,  and Sudan. Fast Facts: Darius the Great Known For: Persian king  at the height of the  Achaemenid EmpireAlso Known As: Darius I, DarayavauÃ… ¡, DariamauiÃ… ¡, DariiamuÃ… ¡, DrywhwÃ… ¡Born: 550 BCEParents:  Hystaspes,  RhodoguneDied:  486 BCE  in IranChildren: Darius had at least 18 childrenSpouses:  Parmys,  Phaidime,  Atossa,  Artystone,  PhratagoneNotable Quote: Force is always beside the point when subtlety will serve. Early Life Darius was born in 550 BCE His father was Hystaspes and his grandfather was Arsames, both of whom were Achaemenids. In ascending the throne, Darius noted in his own autobiography that he traced his lineage to Achaemenes. From long ago, said Darius, We are princely, from long ago our family was royal. Eight of my family were formerly kings, I am the ninth; nine are we in two lines. That was a bit of propaganda: Darius achieved his rule of the Achmaenids chiefly by overcoming his opponent and rival for the throne Gaumata. Dariuss first wife was a daughter of his good friend Gobryas, although we dont know her name. His other wives included Atossa and Artystone, both daughters of Cyrus; Parmys, the daughter of Cyruss brother Bardiya; and the noblewomen Phratagune and Phaidon. Darius had at least 18 children. Accession of Darius Darius ascended to the Achmaenid throne at the tender age of 28, despite the fact that his father and grandfather were still alive. His predecessor was Cambyses, the son of Cyrus the Great and Cassandane, who ruled the Achaemenid empire between 530 and 522 BCE Cambyses died from natural causes, but he left his throne in dispute. By right, Cambyses heir should have been his brother Bardiya- Darius claimed Bardiya had been slain by Cambyses, but somebody showed up claiming he was the missing brother and heir to the throne. According to Dariuss version of events, the imposter Gaumata arrived after Cambyses death and claimed the vacated throne. Darius slew Gautama, thereby restoring the rule to the family. Darius was not a close relative of the family so it was important for him to legitimize his rule by claiming descent from an ancestor of Cyrus. This and details of Darius violent treatment of Gautama and the rebels are inscribed on a large relief at Bisitun (Behistun), in three different languages: Old Persian, Elamite, and Akkadian. Carved into a cliff face 300 feet above the Royal Road of the Achaemenids, the text was not legible to the passersby, although the images of Gautama being subjected certainly were. Darius saw that the cuneiform text was widely circulated throughout the Persian Empire. In the Behistun Inscription, Darius explains why he has the right to rule. He says he has the Zoroastrian god Ahura Mazda on his side. He claims royal blood lineage through four generations to the eponymous Achaemenes, the father of Teispes, who was the great-grandfather of Cyrus. Darius says his own father was Hystaspes, whose father was Arsanes, whose father was Ariamnes, a son of this Teispes. Notable Accomplishments Darius expanded the Persian empire from the Sakas beyond Sogdiana to the Kush, and from Sind to Sardis. He also refined and expanded the Persian satrapy form of administrative rule, dividing his empire into 20 pieces and providing each piece an authority (generally a relative) to rule over them, and placing additional security measures to reduce revolt. Darius moved the Persian capital from Pasagardae to Persepolis, where he had built a palace and a treasury, where the enormous wealth of the Persian empire would be safely stored for 200 years, only to be looted by Alexander the Great in 330 BCE. He constructed the Royal Road of the Achaemenids from Susa to Sardis, connecting the far-flung satrapies and building staffed way stations so no one had to ride more than a day to deliver the post. Additionally, Darius: Completed the first version of the Suez Canal, leading from the Nile to the Red Sea;Was renowned for innovations in water control, including an extensive set of irrigation canals and wells known as qanats throughout his empire;Was known as a law-giver when serving as the king of Egypt during the Late Period. Death and Legacy Darius died in 486 BCE following an illness at about the age of 64. His coffin was buried at Naqsh-e Rostam. On his tomb is inscribed a memorial, in cuneiform script in Old Persian and Akkadian, stating what Darius wanted people to say about himself and his relationship with Ahura Mazda. It also lists the people over whom he claimed power: Media, Elam, Parthia, Aria, Bactria, Sogdia, Chorasmia, Drangiana, Arachosia, Sattagydia, Gandara, India, the haoma-drinking Scythians, the Scythians with pointed caps, Babylonia, Assyria, Arabia, Egypt, Armenia, Cappadocia, Lydia, the Greeks, the Scythians across the sea, Thrace, the sun hat-wearing Greeks, the Libyans, the Nubians, the men of Maka and the Carians. Dariuss successor was not his first born, but rather Xerxes, the oldest son of his first wife, Atossa, making Xerxes a grandson of Cyrus the Great. Both Darius and his son Xerxes participated in the Greco-Persian or Persian Wars. The last king of the Achaemenid Dynasty was Darius III, who ruled from 336–330 BCE Darius III was a descendant of Darius II (ruled 423-405 BCE), who was a descendant of King Darius I. Sources Cahill, Nicholas. The Treasury at Persepolis: Gift-Giving at the City of the Persians. American Journal of Archaeology 89.3 (1985): 373–89. Print.Colburn, Henry P. Connectivity and Communication in the Achaemenid Empire. Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 56.1 (2013): 29–52. Print.Daryaee, Touraj. The Construction of the Past in Late Antique Persia. Historia: Zeitschrift fà ¼r Alte Geschichte 55.4 (2006): 493–503. Print.Magee, Peter, et al. The Achaemenid Empire in South Asia and Recent Excavations at Akra in Northwest Pakistan. American Journal of Archaeology 109.4 (2005): 711–41. Print.Olmstead, A. T. Darius and His Behistun Inscription. The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures 55.4 (1938): 392–416. Print.

Patricia Bath, American Doctor and Inventor

Patricia Bath, American Doctor and Inventor Patricia Bath (born November 4, 1942) is an American doctor and inventor. Born in New York City, she was living in Los Angeles when she received her first patent, becoming the first African-American female doctor to patent a medical invention. Baths patent was for a method for removing cataract lenses using laser devices to make the procedure more accurate. Fast Facts: Patricia Bath Known For: Bath is a pioneering ophthalmologist and the first African-American woman doctor to patent a medical invention.Born: November 4, 1942 in Harlem, New YorkParents: Rupert and Gladys BathEducation: Hunter College, Howard UniversityAwards and Honors: New York Academy of Medicine  John Stearns Medal for Distinguished Contributions in Clinical Practice, American Medical Women’s Association Hall of Fame, Hunter College Hall of Fame, Association of Black Women Physicians Lifetime Achievement AwardNotable Quote: My love of humanity and passion for helping others inspired me to become a physician. Early Life Bath was born in Harlem, New York, on November 4, 1942. Her father Rupert was a newspaper columnist and trader, and her mother Gladys was a housekeeper. Bath and her brother attended Charles Evans Hughes High School in the Chelsea neighborhood of New York City. Bath was deeply interested in science and, while she was still a teenager, won a scholarship from the National Science Foundation; her research at the Harlem Hospital Center resulted in a published paper. Career Bath went on to study chemistry at Hunter College, graduating in 1964. She then moved to Washington, D.C., to complete her medical training at the Howard University College of Medicine. Bath graduated with honors in 1968 and returned to New York to complete specialty training in ophthalmology and cornea  transplant at both New York University and Columbia University. According to an interview she later completed for the U.S. National Library of Medicine, Bath faced many challenges in this early part of her career: Sexism, racism, and relative poverty were the obstacles which I faced as a young girl growing up in Harlem. There were no women physicians I knew of and surgery was a male-dominated profession; no high schools existed in Harlem, a predominantly black community; additionally, blacks were excluded from numerous medical schools and medical societies; and, my family did not possess the funds to send me to medical school. At the Harlem Hospital Center, Bath focused on finding treatments for blindness and visual impairment. In 1969, she and several other doctors performed the hospitals first eye surgery. Bath used her personal experience as a medical professional to publish a paper demonstrating higher rates of blindness among African Americans. Her observations led her to develop a new field of study known as community ophthalmology; it was based on her recognition that blindness was more common among under-served populations both in the United States and around the world. Bath has supported community health initiatives aimed at reducing blindness within these communities through preventative care and other measures. Bath served on the faculty of UCLA for many years before retiring in 1993. She has lectured at many medical institutions, including the Howard University School of Medicine, and published numerous papers about her research and inventions. Cataract Laserphaco Probe Baths dedication to the treatment and prevention of blindness led her to develop the Cataract Laserphaco Probe. Patented in 1988, the probe was designed to use the power of a laser to quickly and painlessly vaporize cataracts from patients eyes, replacing the more common method of using a grinding, drill-like device to remove the afflictions. Baths device is now used around the world to treat patients with blindness. In 1977, Bath founded the American Institute for the Prevention of Blindness (AIPB). The organization supports the training of medical professionals and the treatment of individuals with eye problems around the world. As a representative of the AIPB, Bath has participated in humanitarian missions to developing countries, where she has provided treatment to numerous individuals. One of her favorite experiences in this capacity, she says, was traveling to North Africa and treating a woman who had been blind for 30 years. The AIPB also supports preventative care, including supplying children around the world with protective eye drops, vitamin A supplements, and vaccinations for diseases that can cause blindness. Patents To date, Bath has received five separate patents for her inventions. The first two- both awarded in 1988- relate to her revolutionary cataract probe. Others include: Laser apparatus for surgery of cataractous lenses (1999): Another laser apparatus, this invention provided a way to remove cataracts by making a micro-incision and applying radiation.Pulsed ultrasound method for fragmenting/emulsifying and removing cataractous lenses (2000): This invention uses ultrasonic energy to remove cataracts.Combination ultrasound and laser method and apparatus for removing cataract lenses (2003): A synthesis of Baths two previous inventions, this one uses both ultrasonic energy and laser radiation for even more precise removal of cataracts. The invention also includes a unique optical fiber delivery system for the transmission of the ultrasonic vibrations and radiation. With these inventions, Bath was able to restore sight to people who had been blind for over 30 years. Bath also holds patents for her inventions in Japan, Canada, and Europe. Achievements and Honors In 1975, Bath became the first African-American woman surgeon at the UCLA Medical Center and the first woman to be on the faculty of the UCLA Jules Stein Eye Institute. She is the founder and first president of the American Institute for the Prevention of Blindness. Bath was elected to the Hunter College Hall of Fame in 1988 and was named a Howard University Pioneer in Academic Medicine in 1993. In 2018, she was awarded the New York Academy of Medicine John Stearns Medal for Distinguished Contributions in Clinical Practice. Sources Montague, Charlotte.  Women of Invention: Life-Changing Ideas by Remarkable Women. Chartwell Books, 2018.Wilson, Donald, and Jane Wilson.  The Pride of African American History: Inventors, Scientists, Physicians, Engineers: Featuring Many Outstanding African Americans and More than 1,000 African American Inventions Verified by U.S. Patent Numbers. DCW Pub. Co., 2003.

Should the U.S. take action to halt North Korea's nuclear weapons Research Paper

Should the U.S. take action to halt North Korea's nuclear weapons program - Research Paper Example 4. The radiation released from attacks against nuclear weapons facilities could kill thousands and be deadly for years to come. 5. The North Korea will become part of the community of nations. Cons: No the U.S should not take action to halt the South Koreas Nuclear Program because†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 1. It will leave the smaller countries such as North Korea defenseless since it is the world’s only superpower. 2. Failure in reconciliation between the two Koreas 3. The U.S.A will end up being seen as a weak nation: running away from a challenge. 4. It could worsen the existing humanitarian situation in South Korea. 5. This will trigger vulnerability causing the other nations to develop their own nuclear weapons program. It is thought that if the USA takes action to halt the nuclear weapons program then there will be a reduced probability that those weapons of destruction will be sold to terrorists. This is because the developers will choose to sell them to the highest bidder s who may as well be terrorists.i This will only be increasing the chances of attacks and generating more insecurity. Again since it is clear that the North has the full capability of developing their own destructives, the USA is posing as destruction and if the USA falls out of place then they will remain at will liberty to develop as much mechanism as possible. As the United States takes action to halt this program it has in consideration the security of their citizens. In coming into the process it is trying to enhance and offer its citizens with the protection with which it is charged. If it calls off its efforts then the country’s security will remain at stake and become more vulnerable. The efforts also help to control the amounts of radiations released in the process. The radiations are extremely harmful and can lead to deaths of many.ii Once the USA halts its efforts then the relationship between the two states will forever remain uncertain and the North Korea will lo se its chance of becoming a part of the community of nations. This can only be achieved through negotiations of six parties which have time and again been held. Through this joint party the USA can be able to lead the others in disabling the Process The United States of America is the only form of super power. Its main responsibility is to intervene whenever any state is exposed to threats. Back from the time of cold war to the current war against terrorism intervention has proved to be Americans Foreign Policy. The state has the responsibility of preserving the liberty of others, protecting virtual national interests and ensuring consistent international stability. The prevalence can be backed by the case of America intervening in the NATO-lead-peace keeping mission in Bosnia. If the United States fails to protect the inferior states then it will leave them in a distress and helplessness. Although for sometimes the South Korea perceived the USA to be an obstacle in attaining the re conciliation between the two Koreas, this has however changed with time. The USA is willing to give support to the South in any way, from the transition to democratic politics that is aimed at bringing remarkable changes.iii The States has great influence on the South and this has leaded them to drop the previous assumptions of it being a liability. The North Korea seems to have a very big failure, when it comes to the aspect of policies it uses. It becomes even more mixed up with the

Studying in U.K V.s studying in U.S Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Studying in U.K V.s studying in U.S - Essay Example Both countries are extremely large, though American obviously larger, which means they have a variety of schools that serve a variety of different purposes. In terms of top-range schools, America has world-renowned schools like Harvard, Yale, Princeton, University of California Los Angeles and so on, while the United Kingdom has such renowned schools as the Oxford, Yale, and the London School of Economics. At lower tiers each country as a variety of schools as well, meaning that anyone will be able to get whatever educational quality they wand and can manage from either country, as the educational qualities of schools are largely similar. Similarly, both countries have schools that are well known world-wide, and American and UK educations tend to be well regarded internationally. While America and The United Kingdom are very similar in terms of educational quality, the two countries and their universities can be extremely different in terms of culture. One must remember that wherever one studies one will be doing much more than simply going to school, so the people in the culture where you attend university will be extremely important. America is a much more conservative country, and in some ways more isolated from the rest of the world, whereas the UK as a more liberal, though also more strongly hierarchical, society. The cultures of America and the UK are very different, and one must take that in to account when deciding which schools would be better to attend. Finally, one must always consider cost when determining where to study. While the educational quality may be very similar in America and the United Kingdom, one has to look at education as an investment – what you get at what cost you can get it. In America, most of the best schools are private institutions that receive little or no government funding, while in the UK they are almost entirely public and thus very affordable for people from that